Shanghai 21 July 2009

de.rec.fotografie, rec.photo.digital, pl.rec.foto, es.rec.fotografia, alt.photography zanhe sur la mer Deng Xiaoping en 1992 shanghai,shanghai weather,shanghai map,shanghai tang,shanghai china,shanghai airlines,shanghai stock exchange,shanghai kiss,shanghai airport,shanghai time,shanghai game,hong kong shanghai banking corporation,shanghai institute of organic chemistry mutation cosmopolite et son essor culturel New York, Londres ou Paris. Elle accueillera l'Exposition universelle en 2010. Perle de l'Orient schanghai,shanghai wetter,shanghai,shanghai luzern,shanghai stock exchange,shanghai airport,shanghai club,shanghai expat,shanghai hotel, Shanghai is the largest city in China, and one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world, with over 20 million people. Located on China's central eastern coast at the mouth of the Yangtze River, the city is administered as a municipality of the People's Republic of China with province-level status. Originally a fishing and textiles town, Shanghai grew to importance in the 19th century due to its favourable port location and as one of the cities opened to foreign trade by the 1842 Treaty of Nanking. The city flourished as a center of commerce between east and west, and became a multinational hub of finance and business by the 1930s. However, Shanghai's prosperity was interrupted after the 1949 Communist takeover and the subsequent cessation of foreign investment. Economic reforms in 1990 resulted in intense development and financing in Shanghai, and in 2005 Shanghai became the world's largest cargo port. The city is a tourist destination renowned for its historical landmarks such as the Bund and City God Temple, its modern and ever-expanding Pudong skyline including the Oriental Pearl Tower, and its new reputation as a cosmopolitan center of culture and design. Today, Shanghai is the largest center of commerce and finance in mainland China, and has been described as the "showpiece" of China's economy. During the Song Dynasty (AD 960–1279) Shanghai was upgraded in status from a village (cun) to a market town (zhen) in 1074, and in 1172 a second sea wall was built to stabilize the ocean coastline, supplementing an earlier dike From the Yuan Dynasty in 1292 until Shanghai officially became a city for the first time in 1297, the area was designated merely as a county (xian) administered by the Songjiang Prefecture (Songjiang Fu) Two important events helped promote Shanghai's development in the Ming Dynasty. A city wall was built for the first time during in 1554, in order to protect the town from raids by Wokou (Japanese pirates). It measured 10 meters high and 5 kilometers in circumference During the Wanli reign (1573-1620), Shanghai received an important psychological boost from the erection of a City God Temple (Cheng Huang Miao) in 1602. This honor was usually reserved for places with the status of a city, such as a prefectural capital (fu), and was not normally given to a mere county town (zhen) like Shanghai. During the Qing Dynasty, Shanghai became the most important sea port in the whole Yangtze Delta region. This was a result of two important central government policy changes. First of all, Emperor Kangxi (1662-1723) in 1684 reversed the previous Ming Dynasty prohibition on ocean going vessels, a ban that had been in force since 1525. Secondly, Emperor Yongzheng in 1732 moved the customs office (hai guan) for Jiangsu province from the prefectural capital of Songjiang city to Shanghai, and gave Shanghai exclusive control over customs collections for the foreign trade of all Jiangsu province. As a result of these two critical decisions, Professor Linda Cooke Johnson has concluded that by 1735 Shanghai had become the major trade port for all of the lower Yangzi River region, despite still being at the lowest administrative level in the political hierarchy The importance of Shanghai grew radically in the 19th century, as the city's strategic position at the mouth of the Yangtze River made it an ideal location for trade with the West. During the First Opium War in the early 19th century, British forces temporarily held Shanghai. The war ended with the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing, which saw the treaty ports, Shanghai included, opened for international trade. The Treaty of the Bogue signed in 1843, and the Sino-American Treaty of Wangsia signed in 1844 together saw foreign nations achieve extraterritoriality on Chinese soil, the start of the foreign concessions. 1854 saw the first meeting of the Shanghai Municipal Council, created in order to manage the foreign settlements. In 1863, the British settlement, located to the south of Suzhou creek (Huangpu district), and the American settlement, to the north of Suzhou creek (Hongkou district), joined in order to form the International Settlement. The French opted out of the Shanghai Municipal Council, and maintained its own French Concession, located to the south of the International Settlement, which still exists today as a popular attraction. Citizens of many countries and all continents came to Shanghai to live and work during the ensuing decades; those who stayed for long periods -- some for generations -- called themselves "Shanghailanders" In the 1920s and 1930s, almost 20,000 so-called White Russians and Russian Jews fled the newly-established Soviet Union and took up residence in Shanghai. These Shanghai Russians constituted the second-largest foreign community. By 1932, Shanghai had become the world's fifth largest city, home to 70,000 foreigners The Sino-Japanese War concluded with the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which saw Japan emerge as an additional foreign power in Shanghai. Japan built the first factories in Shanghai, which were soon copied by other foreign powers to effect the emergence of Shanghai industry. Shanghai was then the most important financial center in the Far East. Under the Republic of China (1911-1949), Shanghai's political status was finally raised to that of a municipality on July 14, 1927. Although the territory of the foreign concessions was excluded from their control, this new Chinese municipality still covered an area of 828.8 square kilometers, including the modern-day districts of Baoshan, Yangpu, Zhabei, Nanshi, and Pudong. Headed by a Chinese mayor and municipal council, the new city governments first task was to create a new city center in Jiangwan town of Yangpu district, outside the boundaries of the foreign concessions. This new city center was planned to include a public museum, library, sports stadium, and city hall. The Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service bombed Shanghai on 28 January 1932, nominally in an effort to crush down Chinese student protests of the Manchurian Incident and the subsequent Japanese occupation of northeast China. The Chinese fought back in what was known as the January 28 Incident. The two sides fought to a standstill and a ceasefire was brokered in May. The Battle of Shanghai in 1937 resulted in the occupation of the Chinese administered parts of Shanghai outside of the International Settlement and the French Concession. The International Settlement was occupied by the Japanese on 8 December 1941 and remained occupied until Japan's surrender in 1945. According to historian Zhiliang Su, at least 149 "comfort houses" for sexual slaves were established in Shanghai during the occupation On 27 May 1949, the Communist Party of China controlled the People's Liberation Army and took control of Shanghai, which was one of only three former Republic of China (ROC) municipalities not merged into neighbouring provinces over the next decade (the others being Beijing and Tianjin). Shanghai underwent a series of changes in the boundaries of its subdivisions, especially in the next decade. After 1949, most foreign firms moved their offices from Shanghai to Hong Kong, as part of an exodus of foreign investment due to the Communist victory. During the 1950s and 1960s, Shanghai became an industrial center and center for revolutionary leftism. Yet, even during the most tumultuous times of the Cultural Revolution, Shanghai was able to maintain high economic productivity and relative social stability. In most of the history of the People's Republic of China (PRC), Shanghai has been the largest contributor of tax revenue to the central government compared with other Chinese provinces and municipalities. This came at the cost of severely crippling Shanghai's infrastructure and capital development. Its importance to China's fiscal well-being also denied it economic liberalizations that were started in the far southern provinces such as Guangdong during the mid-1980s. At that time, Guangdong province paid nearly no taxes to the central government, and thus was perceived as fiscally expendable for experimental economic reforms. Shanghai was finally permitted to initiate economic reforms in 1991, starting the huge development still seen today and the birth of Lujiazui in Pudong. Shanghai is administratively equal to a province and is divided into 18 county-level divisions: 17 districts and one county. There is no single downtown district in Shanghai, the urban core is scattered across several districts. Prominent central business areas include Lujiazui on the east bank of the Huangpu River, and The Bund and Hongqiao areas in the west bank of the Huangpu River. The city hall and major administration units are located in Huangpu District, which also serve as a commercial area, including the famous Nanjing Road. Other major commercial areas include Xintiandi and the classy Huaihai Road (or Avenue Joffre before Liberation) in Luwan district and Xujiahui (used to be translated into English asZikawei as how it is pronounced in Shanghainese) in Xuhui District. Many universities in Shanghai are located in residential areas of Yangpu District and Putuo District. Nine of the districts govern Puxi (literally Huangpu River west), or the older part of urban Shanghai on the west bank of the Huangpu River. These nine districts are collectively referred to as Shanghai Proper () or the core city (?): * Huangpu District (simplified Chinese: ?; traditional Chinese: ?; pinyin: Huángpu( Qu-) * Luwan District (Lúwa-n Qu-) * Xuhui District (Xúhuì Qu-) * Changning District (Chángníng Qu-) * Jing'an District (Jìng'a-n Qu-) * Putuo District (Pu(tuó Qu-) * Zhabei District (Zhábe(i Qu-) * Hongkou District (Hóngko(u Qu-) * Yangpu District (Yángpu( Qu-) The Garden Bridge over Suzhou Creek, with the Broadway Mansions on the left. Pudong (literally Huangpu River east), or the newer part of urban and suburban Shanghai on the east bank of the Huangpu River, is governed by: * Pudong New District (?Pu(do-ng Xi-n Qu-) - Chuansha County until 1992 Seven of the districts govern suburbs, satellite towns, and rural areas further away from the urban core: * Baoshan District (Ba(osha-n Qu-) - Baoshan County until 1988 * Minhang District (Mi(nháng Qu-) - Shanghai County until 1992 * Jiading District (Jia-dìng Qu-) - Jiading County until 1992 * Jinshan District (Ji-nsha-n Qu-) - Jinshan County until 1997 * Songjiang District (So-ngjia-ng Qu-) - Songjiang County until 1998 * Qingpu District (Qi-ngpu( Qu-) - Qingpu County until 1999 * Fengxian District (Fèngxián Qu-) - Fengxian County until 2001 Chongming Island, an island at the mouth of the Yangtze, is governed by: * Chongming County (Chóngmíng Xiàn) As of 2003, these county-level divisions are further divided into the following 220 township-level divisions: 114 towns, 3 townships, 103 subdistricts. Those are in turn divided into the following village-level divisions: 3,393 neighborhood committees and 2,037 village committees. Shanghai is often regarded as the center of finance and trade in mainland China. Modern development began with the economic reforms in 1992, a decade later than many of the Southern Chinese provinces, but since then Shanghai quickly overtook those provinces and maintained its role as the business center in mainland China. Shanghai also hosts the largest share market in mainland China. Shanghai has one of the world's busiest ports. Since 2005, Shanghai has ranked first of the world's busiest cargo ports throughout, handling a total of 560 million tons of cargo in 2007. Shanghai container traffic has surpassed Hong Kong to become the second busiest port in the world, behind Singapore. Shanghai and Hong Kong are rivaling to be the economic center of the Greater China region. Hong Kong has the advantage of a stronger legal system, international market integration, superior economic freedom, greater banking and service expertise, lower taxes, and a fully-convertible currency. Shanghai has stronger links to both the Chinese interior and the central government, and a stronger base in manufacturing and technology. Shanghai has increased its role in finance, banking, and as a major destination for corporate headquarters, fueling demand for a highly educated and modernized workforce. Shanghai has recorded a double-digit growth for 15 consecutive years since 1992. In 2008, Shanghai's nominal GDP posted a 9.7% growth to 1.37 trillion yuan. The Shanghai Stock Exchange is the world's fastest growing, with the Shanghai Composite Index growing 130% in 2006 As in many other areas in China, Shanghai is undergoing a building boom. In Shanghai the modern architecture is notable for its unique style, especially in the highest floors, with several top floor restaurants which resemble flying saucers. For a gallery of these unique architecture designs, see Shanghai (architecture images). The bulk of Shanghai buildings being constructed today are high-rise apartments of various height, color and design. There is now a strong focus by city planners to develop more "green areas" (public parks) among the apartment complexes in order to improve the quality of life for Shanghai's residents, quite in accordance to the "Better City - Better Life" theme of Shanghai's Expo 2010. Industrial zones in Shanghai include Shanghai Hongqiao Economic and Technological Development Zone, Jinqiao Export Economic Processing Zone, Minhang Economic and Technological Development Zone, and Shanghai Caohejing High and New Technological Development Zone (see List of economic and technological development zones in Shanghai). The vernacular language is Shanghainese, a dialect of Wu Chinese, while the official language is Standard Mandarin. The local dialect is mutually unintelligible with Mandarin, and is an inseparable part of the Shanghainese identity. The modern Shanghainese dialect is based on the Suzhou dialect of Wu, the prestige dialect of Wu spoken within the Chinese city of Shanghai prior to the modern expansion of the city, the Ningbo dialect of Wu, and the dialect of Shanghai's surrounding rural areas now within the Hongkou, Baoshan and Pudong districts, which is simply called "Bendihua", or "the local dialect". It is influenced to a lesser extent by the dialects of other nearby regions from which large numbers of people have have migrated to Shanghai since the 20th Century. Nearly all Shanghainese under the age of 40 can speak Mandarin fluently. A predominant religion in Shanghai is Mahayana Buddhism, and Taoism is also followed by many Shanghai residents. Fluency in foreign languages is unevenly distributed. Most senior residents who received a university education before the revolution, and those who worked in foreign enterprises, can speak English. Those under the age of 26 have had contact with English since primary school, as English is taught as a mandatory course starting at Grade four. Before the 1990s, bicycling was the most ubiquitous form of transport in Shanghai, but the city has since banned bicycles on many of the city's main roads to ease congestion. However, many streets have bicycle lanes and intersections are monitored by "Traffic Assistants" who help provide for safe crossing. Further, the city government has pledged to add 180 km of cycling lanes over the next few years. It is worth noting that a number of the main shopping and tourist streets, Nanjing Road and Huaihai Road do not allow bicycles. With rising disposable incomes, private car ownership in Shanghai has also been rapidly increasing in recent years. The number of cars is limited, however, by the number of available number plates available at public auction. Since 1998 the number of new car registrations is limited to 50,000 vehicles a year. In cooperation with the Shanghai municipality and the Shanghai Maglev Transportation Development Co. (SMT), German Transrapid constructed the first commercial Maglev railway in the world in 2002, from Shanghai's Longyang Road subway station in Pudong to Pudong International Airport. Commercial operation started in 2003. The 30 km trip takes 7 minutes and 21 seconds and reaches a maximum speed of 431 km/h (267.8 mph). Normal operating speeds usually reach 431 km/h, but during a test run, the Maglev has been shown to reach a top speed of 501 km/h. Two railways intersect in Shanghai: Jinghu Railway (Beijing–Shanghai) Railway passing through Nanjing, and Huhang Railway (Shanghai–Hangzhou). Shanghai is served by two main railway stations, Shanghai Railway Station and Shanghai South Railway Station. Express service to Beijing through Z-series trains is fairly convenient. A maglev train route to Hangzhou (Shanghai-Hangzhou Maglev Train) might begin construction in 2010. A high-speed railroad to Beijing is also in the works. Shanghai has a rich collection of buildings and structures of various architectural styles. The Bund, located by the bank of the Huangpu River, contains a rich collection of early 20th century architecture, ranging in style from neoclassical HSBC Building to the art deco Sassoon House. A number of areas in the former foreign concessions are also well preserved, most notably the French Concession. Despite rampant redevelopment, the old city still retains some buildings of a traditional style, such as the Yuyuan Garden, an elaborate traditional garden in the Jiangnan style In recent years, a large number of architecturally distinctive, even eccentric, skyscrapers have sprung up throughout Shanghai. Notable examples of contemporary architecture include the Shanghai Museum, Shanghai Grand Theatre in the People's Square precinct and Shanghai Oriental Arts Center. The city also has some beautiful examples of Soviet neoclassical architecture. These buildings were mostly erected during the period from the founding of the People's Republic in 1949 until the Sino-Soviet Split in the late 1960s. During this decade, large numbers of Soviet experts poured into China to aid the country in the construction of a communist state, some of them were architects. Examples of Soviet neoclassical architecture in Shanghai include what is today the Shanghai International Exhibition Center. Beijing, the nation's capital, displays an even greater array of this particular type of architecture. The Pudong district of Shanghai displays a wide range of supertall skyscrapers. The most prominent examples include the Jin Mao Tower and the taller Shanghai World Financial Center, which at 492 metres tall is the tallest skyscraper in mainland China and ranks second in the world. The distinctive Oriental Pearl Tower, at 468 metres, is located nearby toward downtown Shanghai. Its lower sphere is now available for living quarters, at very high prices. Another tall highrise in the Pudong area of Shanghai is the newly finished Development Tower. It stands at 269 meters. Shanghái (chino: , pinyin: Shàngha(i) es la ciudad más grande de la República Popular China, con 18.450.000 habitantes en 2008, y una de las ciudades más pobladas del mundo.[2] Está situada al sur del delta del Yangzi, junto al río Huangpu, el cual desemboca en el Mar de la China Oriental. Shanghái empezó a cobrar importancia como ciudad durante la dinastía Han cuando se empezaron a desarrollar la pesca y la industria de la sal. En el siglo XII Shanghái era ya un centro importante de la industria del algodón. En 1553 se construyó la muralla de la ciudad, fecha que se considera el nacimiento de Shanghái como ciudad. A principios del siglo XIX, Shanghái se convirtió en el principal centro industrial y comercial de China en base a su situación estratégica, cercana al río Yangzi, que facilitaba el comercio con occidente. Al finalizar la Primera Guerra del Opio, en 1842, los británicos exigieron que Shanghái se abriera a los extranjeros, y porciones de la ciudad quedaron bajo "concesiones": inglesa, francesa y nortemericana. Las relaciones entre los habitantes de la ciudad y los británicos fueron siempre cordiales, ya que se basaban en el mutuo interés. En 1937, tras la Batalla de Shanghái, la ciudad cayó en manos de los japoneses. Esta ocupación duró hasta 1945. Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial se convirtió en punto de refugio de muchos europeos. Fue la única ciudad del mundo abierta a los judíos durante este periodo. Con el triunfo de la revolución comunista en 1949, la mayoría de los extranjeros abandonó la ciudad. También lo hicieron algunos empresarios chinos que prefirieron desplazar sus negocios a Hong Kong. Sin embargo, Shanghái recuperó su importancia económica con rapidez y hoy en día es uno de los motores industriales de China. Se distinguen tres etapas fundamentales en la evolución cultural de Shanghái: la anterior a la finalización de la Segunda Guerra Mundial culminada con la llegada al poder del comunismo, la que permaneció bajo la férrea vigilancia del gobierno comunista y la posterior al dominio de éstos. Antes de la guerra, el esplendor literario fue notable. Lu Xun abrió el camino de la literatura moderna china durante el tiempo que pasó en Shanghái influenciando a numerosos autores chinos. El escritor cuenta con un museo dedicado a su persona situado en la casa de Shangying Lu, lugar en el que pasó sus últimos años de vida. En la escena cinematográfica, películas como El embrujo de Shanghai (1941), de Josef von Sternberg, o La dama de Shanghai (1948), de Orson Welles, motivaron a preconcevirse a Shanghai como ciudad del vicio. Bajo el dominio comunista, la producción cinematográfica local ha sido muy escasa, paralela a la del resto del país. En la actualidad, Shanghái dispone de una amplia oferta cultural en la que destacan la Compañía de Ballet de Shanghái, la Orquesta Sinfónica de Shanghái, la Orquesta Filarmónica de Shanghái y la Shanghai Municipal Performance Company. Los edificios más notables son el Auditorio de Shanghái, el Majestic Theatre y especialmente el Gran Teatro de Shanghái, que es el epicentro de la escena musical y teatral de la ciudad. En estos dos últimos edificios suelen representarse óperas tanto tradicionales como modernas, ya que son una de las grandes pasiones de la población de Shanghái. Shanghái presume de tener importantes museos tales como el Museo de Shanghái, el Museo de Arte o el Museo Municipal de Historia de Shanghái. El primero contiene más de 120.000 piezas históricas chinas a lo largo de sus cuatro plantas. Fue inaugurado en 1952 y reconstruído en 1994. Su oferta es enteramente nacional, representando la cronología de la historia china mediante la cerámica, escultura o pintura. Por otra parte, el Museo Municipal de Historia de Shanghai es el más moderno y caro de la ciudad. Ofrece a sus visitantes un recorrido por la hsitoria de la ciudad mediante las nuevas tecnologías. La arquitectura local dispone de un amplio y variado abanico de estilos arquitectónicos. El Bund, situado a la orilla del río Huangpu, contiene una rica colección de edificios de comienzos de siglo XX, otros neoclásicos como el HSBC Building o art decó como la Sassoon House, edificio incluido en el Peace Hotel. Varias zonas de antigua concesión extranjera están bien conservadas e incluso, a pesar del rápido crecimiento de la ciudad, el centro histórico aún posee edificios de estilo tradicional como el Jardín Yuyuan. Recientemente, se ha desarrollado una importante cantidad de nuevos estilos arquitectónicos que van de lo escéntrico hasta modernos y futuristas rascacielos. Algunos ejemplos de las nuevas tendencias arquitectónicas son los anteriormente citados Museo de Shanghái o el Gran Teatro de Shanghái. El único elemento cultural puramente de Shanghái son las shikumen (?), las casas tradicionales. Cada residencia está conectada y organizada en callejones rectos, conocidos como lòngtang (). Este tipo de edificación guarda cierto parecido a las típicas terraced houses y los petit hôtel de los países anglosajones, distinguidas por el alto y pesado muro de ladrillo frontal de cada casa. El nombre "shikumen" significa, literalmente, "puerta de piedra". Por otra parte, el Shanghai World Financial Center de 492 metros de altitud es el rascacielos más grande de China y ocupa la segunda posición en cuanto al resto del mundo. La Torre Perla Oriental, uno de los símbolos de Shanghái, mide 468 metros de alto y se encuentra en el centro de la ciudad. Sin embargo, el edificio más espectacular que se está construyendo en Shanghái es el Shanghai Center, situado en el distrito de Pudong. Medirá 568 metros, constará de 118 plantas y se prevé su finalización para 2010.